{"title":"ASTM D1894 Coefficient of Friction Plastic Films","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eASTM D1894\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003edescribes a standard test method for determination of the static and dynamic coefficients of friction (initial and sliding friction coefficients) of plastic film and sheeting when sliding them over themselves or other materials under specified test conditions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecoefficients of friction\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eprovide information about the sliding properties of plastic films and play an important role in the packaging industry in particular and are relevant both in quality control during film production and in the development of film material for technical design. They also play an important role in\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eEV battery testing\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ein the form of separator film.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eASTM D1894\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eis not technically equivalent to its ISO counterpart\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eISO 8295, so the results of the two methods cannot be directly compared.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMore information about ASTM D1894 on \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.zwickroell.com\/industries\/plastics\/thin-sheeting-and-plastic-films\/astm-d1894\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eZwickRoell.com\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"zwickiline","title":"zwickiLine Z0.5 TH","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"ce-header--large ce-header--left\"\u003eUniversal Testing Machine for Small Test Loads up to 0.5 kN\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eThis configuration of the zwickiLine 0.5 kN—a compact, high-quality single-column materials testing machine—is designed for standard low-force testing of plastic films, sheets, packaging films, adhesives, glued seams, laminates, and flexible bonded assemblies.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eEasy to use, transportable, and space-saving, the zwickiLine 0.5 kN fits easily on a laboratory table while still delivering the performance needed for reliable materials testing. Its lightweight design, small footprint, and modular construction make it a practical solution for laboratories that need a flexible, cost-effective testing system without compromising on quality.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eThe system is equipped with a 500 N ZwickRoell Xforce P load cell, testControl II electronics, and testXpert testing software with predefined standard test programs for accurate, repeatable, reproducible, and traceable results.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eKey features of the ZwickiLine 0.5kN include:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eForce range: 2 N to 500 N\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eTypical specimen dimensions:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cul type=\"circle\"\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eThickness: 0–6 mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eWidth: 0–30 mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eHigh-accuracy Xforce load cell with a wide measurement range and resistance to transverse forces, bending moments, and torsional influences\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003ePrecise travel measurement and positioning through advanced drive technology and machine compliance correction\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eUser-friendly testXpert software with predefined standards-based test methods\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eCompatible with standard PCs and notebooks without special expansion cards\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eTwo standard configurations are available:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"MsoTableGrid\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none;\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin: 6.0pt 0in 6.0pt 0in;\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eConfiguration\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"372\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 278.75pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin: 6.0pt 0in 6.0pt 12.75pt;\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eRecommended Use\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow: 1;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188.75pt; border: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin: 6.0pt 0in 6.0pt 0in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003ezwickiLine 500 N with \u003cb\u003escrew grips\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"372\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 278.75pt; border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin: 6.0pt 0in 6.0pt 12.75pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eA flexible manual gripping solution for standard film, sheet, adhesive, laminate, and packaging material testing. Ideal for laboratories with moderate testing volumes and manual specimen handling.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188.75pt; border: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin: 6.0pt 0in 6.0pt 0in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003ezwickiLine 500 N with \u003cb\u003epneumatic grips\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"372\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 278.75pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin: 6.0pt 0in 6.0pt 12.75pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eDesigned for higher testing throughput and improved operator convenience. Pneumatic grips provide fast specimen loading and consistent gripping force, making them well suited for sensitive or difficult-to-handle materials.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eBoth configurations provide a standardized ZwickRoell testing solution with defined scope, proven performance, and direct online ordering.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eCleanroom use:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003e zwickiLine systems can meet requirements for class 5 and class 6 cleanrooms in selected force ranges. Please confirm suitability for your specific application before ordering.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ZwickRoell","offers":[{"title":"Screw Grips (Simple) \/ Factory Calibrated (no extra cost)","offer_id":50782330192039,"sku":null,"price":26100.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"Screw Grips (Simple) \/ ISO","offer_id":50779781759143,"sku":null,"price":26558.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"Screw Grips (Simple) \/ DAkkS","offer_id":50782273110183,"sku":null,"price":26917.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"Pneumatic grips (Comfortable) \/ Factory Calibrated (no extra cost)","offer_id":50782330224807,"sku":null,"price":27800.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"Pneumatic grips (Comfortable) \/ ISO","offer_id":50779781791911,"sku":null,"price":28258.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"Pneumatic grips (Comfortable) \/ DAkkS","offer_id":50782273142951,"sku":null,"price":28617.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0741\/2688\/5031\/files\/ZR_1462_1__20MB_or_less.png?v=1782913430"},{"product_id":"testing-of-frictional-behaviour","title":"Package for Coefficient of Friction Testing of Plastic Films","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"ce-header--large ce-header--left\"\u003eDetermination of the Coefficient of Friction of Film\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003eThe coefficient of friction testing package for plastic films is an add-on to the zwickiLine Z0.5 TH for film testing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003eIt is used for tests according to ASTM D1894\/ISO 8295 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecoefficients of friction\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e provide information about the sliding properties of plastic films and play an important role in the packaging industry in particular and are relevant both in quality control during film production and in the development of film material for technical design. They also play an important role in \u003c\/span\u003eEV battery testing\u003cspan\u003e in the form of separator film.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the coefficient of friction?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe coefficients of friction (μ) static friction and dynamic friction are the main result of the test according to \u003cstrong\u003eASTM D1894\u003c\/strong\u003e. They indicate the force required to move two surfaces parallel to each other that are loaded with a weight. The lower the coefficient of friction, the easier the movement. The coefficients of friction are influenced by many factors. These include the materials of the surfaces, their roughness, the presence of lubricants, the ambient temperature and the humidity.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow is the coefficient of friction calculated?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe formulas for calculating the static and dynamic coefficient of friction are as follows:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoefficient of static friction: μ\u003csub\u003es\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e= A\u003csub\u003es\u003c\/sub\u003e\/B\u003cbr\u003eCoefficient of dynamic friction: μ\u003csub\u003ek\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e= A\u003csub\u003ek\u003c\/sub\u003e\/B\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ZwickRoell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48069889687719,"sku":null,"price":2257.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0741\/2688\/5031\/files\/ZR_1595_20MB_or_less.png?v=1782908749"},{"product_id":"package-for-coefficient-of-friction-testing-of-plastic-films-na","title":"Package for Coefficient of Friction Testing of Plastic Films","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"ce-header--large ce-header--left\"\u003eDetermination of the Coefficient of Friction of Film\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003eThe coefficient of friction testing package for plastic films is an add-on to the zwickiLine Z0.5 TH for film testing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003eIt is used for tests according to ASTM D1894\/ISO 8295 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecoefficients of friction\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e provide information about the sliding properties of plastic films and play an important role in the packaging industry in particular and are relevant both in quality control during film production and in the development of film material for technical design. They also play an important role in \u003c\/span\u003eEV battery testing\u003cspan\u003e in the form of separator film.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the coefficient of friction?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe coefficients of friction (μ) static friction and dynamic friction are the main result of the test according to \u003cstrong\u003eASTM D1894\u003c\/strong\u003e. They indicate the force required to move two surfaces parallel to each other that are loaded with a weight. The lower the coefficient of friction, the easier the movement. The coefficients of friction are influenced by many factors. These include the materials of the surfaces, their roughness, the presence of lubricants, the ambient temperature and the humidity.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow is the coefficient of friction calculated?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe formulas for calculating the static and dynamic coefficient of friction are as follows:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoefficient of static friction: μ\u003csub\u003es\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e= A\u003csub\u003es\u003c\/sub\u003e\/B\u003cbr\u003eCoefficient of dynamic friction: μ\u003csub\u003ek\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e= A\u003csub\u003ek\u003c\/sub\u003e\/B\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ZwickRoell","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":50928031793319,"sku":null,"price":2257.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0741\/2688\/5031\/files\/ZR_1595_20MB_or_less.png?v=1782908749"},{"product_id":"zwickiline-z0-5-th-na","title":"zwickiLine Z0.5 TH","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"ce-header--large ce-header--left\"\u003eUniversal Testing Machine for Small Test Loads up to 0.5 kN\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eThis configuration of the zwickiLine 0.5 kN—a compact, high-quality single-column materials testing machine—is designed for standard low-force testing of plastic films, sheets, packaging films, adhesives, glued seams, laminates, and flexible bonded assemblies.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eEasy to use, transportable, and space-saving, the zwickiLine 0.5 kN fits easily on a laboratory table while still delivering the performance needed for reliable materials testing. Its lightweight design, small footprint, and modular construction make it a practical solution for laboratories that need a flexible, cost-effective testing system without compromising on quality.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eThe system is equipped with a 500 N ZwickRoell Xforce P load cell, testControl II electronics, and testXpert testing software with predefined standard test programs for accurate, repeatable, reproducible, and traceable results.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eKey features of the ZwickiLine 0.5kN include:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eForce range: 2 N to 500 N\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eTypical specimen dimensions:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cul type=\"circle\"\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eThickness: 0–6 mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eWidth: 0–30 mm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eHigh-accuracy Xforce load cell with a wide measurement range and resistance to transverse forces, bending moments, and torsional influences\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003ePrecise travel measurement and positioning through advanced drive technology and machine compliance correction\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eUser-friendly testXpert software with predefined standards-based test methods\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;\" class=\"MsoNormal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eCompatible with standard PCs and notebooks without special expansion cards\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eTwo standard configurations are available:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable class=\"MsoTableGrid\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none;\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin: 6.0pt 0in 6.0pt 0in;\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eConfiguration\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"372\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 278.75pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin: 6.0pt 0in 6.0pt 12.75pt;\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eRecommended Use\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow: 1;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188.75pt; border: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin: 6.0pt 0in 6.0pt 0in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003ezwickiLine 500 N with \u003cb\u003escrew grips\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"372\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 278.75pt; border: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin: 6.0pt 0in 6.0pt 12.75pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eA flexible manual gripping solution for standard film, sheet, adhesive, laminate, and packaging material testing. Ideal for laboratories with moderate testing volumes and manual specimen handling.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"252\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188.75pt; border: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin: 6.0pt 0in 6.0pt 0in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003ezwickiLine 500 N with \u003cb\u003epneumatic grips\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"372\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 278.75pt; border: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"line-height: normal; margin: 6.0pt 0in 6.0pt 12.75pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eDesigned for higher testing throughput and improved operator convenience. Pneumatic grips provide fast specimen loading and consistent gripping force, making them well suited for sensitive or difficult-to-handle materials.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eBoth configurations provide a standardized ZwickRoell testing solution with defined scope, proven performance, and direct online ordering.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003eCleanroom use:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Aptos Display',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"\u003e zwickiLine systems can meet requirements for class 5 and class 6 cleanrooms in selected force ranges. Please confirm suitability for your specific application before ordering.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"ZwickRoell","offers":[{"title":"Screw Grips (Simple) \/ Factory Calibrated (no extra cost)","offer_id":50928097886375,"sku":null,"price":26100.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"Screw Grips (Simple) \/ ASTM","offer_id":50928103588007,"sku":null,"price":26100.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"Pneumatic grips (Comfortable) \/ Factory Calibrated (no extra cost)","offer_id":50928097984679,"sku":null,"price":27800.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"Pneumatic grips (Comfortable) \/ ASTM","offer_id":50928103620775,"sku":null,"price":26100.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0741\/2688\/5031\/files\/ZR_1462_1__20MB_or_less.png?v=1782913430"}],"url":"https:\/\/shop.zwickroell.com\/en-us\/collections\/astm-d1894-coefficient-of-friction-plastic-films.oembed","provider":"ZwickRoell","version":"1.0","type":"link"}